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The sharing, shipping, transmission or transfer of almost all encryption software in either source code or object code is subject to U.S. export regulations (see Encryption Export Controls for a discussion of procedural requirements associated with transmissions or transfers of university-generated encryption code outside of the U.S.). Even most publicly available "dual-use" encryption code captured by the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) requires the availability of a License Exception (15 C.F.R. Part 740). A License Exception under the EAR is an authorization based on a set of criteria, which when met, allows the exporter to circumvent export licensing requirements. The release of publicly available encryption code under the EAR is generally authorized by License Exception TSU (Technology and Software - Unrestricted) whereby the exporter provides the U.S. Government with a "one-time" notification of the location of the publicly available encryption code prior to or at the time the code is placed in the public domain. Notification after transmission of the code outside the U.S. is an export control violation. In addition, U.S. persons are prohibited without prior authorization from providing technical assistance (i.e., instruction, skills training, working knowledge, consulting services) to a foreign person with the intent to assist in the overseas development or manufacture of encryption software that is subject to U.S. government notification or authorization. This prohibition does not limit university personnel from teaching or discussing general information about cryptography or developing or sharing encryption code within the United States that arises during, or results from, fundamental research. Two license exceptions are available for the university community when the tangible export of items and software containing encryption code is necessary for travel or relocation:
Source code is generally understood to mean programming statements that are created by a programmer with a text editor or a visual programming tool and then saved in a file. Object code generally refers to the output, a compiled file, which is produced when the source code is compiled with a C compiler. The object code file contains a sequence of machine-readable instructions that is processed by the CPU in a computer. Operating system or application software is usually in the form of compiled object code. If you have a question about encryption software after reading this information, contact the University Export Control Analyst.